Validity and reliability of the Spanish version of the ACE tool for assessing competencies in evidence-based medicine in medical students.

OBJECTIVE: To translate and culturally adapt the tool 'Assessing Competency in evidence-based medicine (EBM)' (ACE) to Spanish and to implement it in a cohort of medical students for the evaluation of the instrument's psychometric properties. DESIGN: Bilingual translators produced a translation and backtranslation of the original instrument, with interim consensus in each stage with oversight and input by a group of experts. We then performed cognitive interviews to adapt the wording of the tool culturally. Finally, we implemented the final version in a cohort of medical students on a virtual general practice course with EBM modules. SETTING: Medical School in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Due to restrictions to in-person teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic, we conducted this study in the context of virtual learning. PARTICIPANTS: We included 125 fourth and fifth-year medical students. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We measured internal consistency with the Kuder-Richardson coefficient (>0.6 as a threshold for reliability) and construct validity through a Pearson's correlation between the examinations carried out with the translated instrument and the results of the regular examinations of EBM in the same students (expected values of at least 0.3 to 0.7). We also compared the total score of the instrument of fifth-year students to fourth-year students. RESULTS: As for measurements for internal consistency, the coefficient Kuder-Richardson resulted in a value of 0.268, below our prespecified threshold. For construct validity, the Pearson correlation between the sum of the items and regular examinations was 0.139, also below our prespecified threshold. However, fifth-year students averaged 0.94 points more than fourth-year students (95% CI 0.24 more to 1.65 more). CONCLUSION: The translated and cross-culturally adapted version of the ACE tool into Spanish had low reliability and validity in an MBE course taught and evaluated in a virtual environment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Not applicable.

Short and Long-Term Wellbeing of Children following SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Systematic Review.

Post-COVID conditions in children and adolescents were mostly investigated as the incidence of individual or clusters of symptoms. We aimed to describe the findings of studies assessing key outcomes related to global wellbeing and recovery in children and adolescents from a public health perspective. We searched the Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register and WHO COVID-19 Global literature on coronavirus disease database on 5 November 2021 and tracked ongoing studies published after this date. We included observational studies on children and adolescents with a follow-up greater than 12 weeks and focused on the outcomes of quality of life, recovery/duration of symptoms, school attendance and resource use/rehabilitation. We assessed their methodological quality, and we prepared a narrative synthesis of the results. We included 21 longitudinal and 4 cross-sectional studies (6 with a control group) with over 68 thousand unvaccinated children and adolescents with mostly asymptomatic or mild disease. Study limitations included convenience sampling, a poor description of their study population and heterogeneous definitions of outcomes. Quality of life was not largely affected in adolescents following COVID-19, but there might be greater impairment in young children and in those with more severe forms of the disease (4 studies). There might also be an impairment in daily activities and increased school absenteeism following COVID-19, but the findings were heterogeneous (5 studies). A total of 22 studies provided highly variable estimates based on heterogeneous definitions of overall persistence of symptoms (recovery), ranging from 0 to 67% at 8-12 weeks and 8 to 51% at 6-12 months. We found limited data on resource use and the need for rehabilitation. One controlled study indicated that the quality of life of infected children and adolescents might not substantially differ from controls. All controlled studies found a higher burden of persistent symptoms in COVID-19 cases compared with test-negative controls or cases of influenza. There is limited evidence on the short and long-term well-being of children following SARS-CoV-2 infection. High-quality longitudinal studies with control groups are needed to describe the outcomes in this population, especially in vaccinated children and those affected by new variants of the virus.

Long-Term Health Symptoms and Sequelae Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection: An Evidence Map.

Post-COVID-19 conditions, also known as 'Long-COVID-19', describe a longer and more complex course of illness than acute COVID-19 with no widely accepted uniform case definition. We aimed to map the available evidence on persistent symptoms and sequelae following SARS-CoV-2 in children and adults. We searched the Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register and the WHO COVID-19 Global literature on coronavirus disease database on 5 November 2021. We included longitudinal and cross-sectional studies and we extracted their characteristics, including the type of core outcomes for post-COVID-19 conditions. We included 565 studies (657 records). Most studies were uncontrolled cohort studies. The median follow-up time was 13 weeks (IQR 9 to 24). Only 72% of studies were conducted in high-income countries, 93% included unvaccinated adults with mild-to-critical disease, only 10% included children and adolescents, and less than 5% included children under the age of five. While most studies focused on health symptoms, including respiratory symptoms (71%), neurological symptoms (57%), fatigue (54%), pain (50%), mental functioning (43%), cardiovascular functioning (40%), and post-exertion symptoms (28%), cognitive function (26%), fewer studies assessed other symptoms such as overall recovery (24%), the need for rehabilitation (18%), health-related quality of life (16%), changes in work/occupation and study (10%), or survival related to long-COVID-19 (4%). There is a need for controlled cohort studies with long-term follow-up and a focus on overall recovery, health-related quality of life, and the ability to perform daily tasks. Studies need to be extended to later phases of the pandemic and countries with low resources.

A qualitative study on the elderly and accessibility to health services during the COVID-19 lockdown in Buenos Aires, Argentina - Part 2. / Estudio cualitativo sobre los adultos mayores y la accesibilidad a los servicios de salud durante el confinamiento por COVID-19 en Buenos Aires, Argentina - parte 2.

INTRODUCTION: On March 19, 2020, a mandatory lockdown was imposed in Argentina due to the global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. OBJECTIVES: To explore the elderlys healthcare experiences during the lockdown and the problems that may have arisen regarding accessibility to the healthcare system and emerging adaptations to medical care. METHODS: We coded the data using Atlas.ti 8 software and then triangled the analysis among researchers from different backgrounds. Finally, concept maps were developed and themes arising from these were described. RESULTS: Thirty-nine participants were interviewed from the metropolitan area in Buenos Aires from April to July of 2020. The main emerging themes were: 1) access to regularly scheduled consults, 2) access to chronic medication, 3) emergency consultations, and 4) the role of information and communication technologies. Accessibility to the healthcare system was compromised due to reduced outpatient consultations, affecting health checkups, diagnosis, and treatment. However, participants tried to keep their immunizations up to date. Information and communication technologies were used to fill digital prescriptions and online medical consultations. While this was a solution to many, others did not have access to these technologies or had trouble using them. CONCLUSIONS: The global pandemic caused a reduction in outpatient medical consultations. Emerging needs originated new ways of carrying out medical consultations, mainly through information and communication technologies, which was a solution for many but led to the exclusion of others because of the preexisting technology gap.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El 19 marzo de 2020 se decretó el aislamiento social preventivo y obligatorio en Argentina como respuesta a la pandemia por el virus SARS-CoV-2 y la enfermedad que causa, COVID-19. OBJETIVOS: Explorar las experiencias de los adultos mayores con relación al cuidado de su salud durante el confinamiento por COVID-19, los problemas en la accesibilidad al sistema de salud y las adaptaciones emergentes. MÉTODOS: Investigación con abordaje cualitativo. Los participantes fueron adultos mayores de 60 años. Mediante un muestreo en bola de nieve, el equipo investigador contactó telefónicamente a los participantes donde se realizó una entrevista semiestructurada. Se trianguló el análisis de los hallazgos entre los investigadores con distinta formación académica. Se realizaron mapas conceptuales a través de los cuales se eligieron los ejes temáticos a abordar. RESULTADOS: Se entrevistaron a 39 participantes de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires y Gran Buenos Aires en el período de abril y julio del año 2020. Los principales temas emergentes fueron: acceso a consultas programadas habituales, acceso a la medicación crónica, consultas agudas y emergentes, y el rol de las tecnologías de información y comunicación. La accesibilidad al sistema de salud se vio comprometida por la disminución de oferta de consultas presenciales, afectando los controles de salud, el diagnóstico y tratamiento de enfermedades. Sin embargo, los participantes intentaron mantener al día sus inmunizaciones. Las tecnologías de la información y comunicación permitieron la emisión de recetas virtuales y las teleconsultas. Si bien esto representó una solución para muchos adultos mayores, también generó un problema para otros que no tenían acceso o no sabían utilizarlas. CONCLUSIÓN: La pandemia afectó la accesibilidad al sistema de salud, principalmente a expensas de un menor acceso a consultas de modalidad presencial. Las necesidades emergentes forzaron la aparición de nuevas estrategias de atención, como las tecnologías de información y comunicación. Esto, si bien significó una solución, también generó nuevos excluidos debido a la brecha tecnológica preexistente.

A qualitative study on the elderly and mental health during the COVID-19 lockdown in Buenos Aires, Argentina - Part 1. / Estudio cualitativo sobre los adultos mayores y la salud mental durante el confinamiento por COVID-19 en Buenos Aires, Argentina - parte 1.

INTRODUCTION: On March 19, 2020, preventive and mandatory social isolation was decreed in Argentina in response to the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the disease it causes (COVID-19). This measure aimed to reduce the transmission of the virus and the resulting severe respira-tory condition that frequently besets older adults. However, this measure can also affect the support networks of these isolated people. OBJECTIVES: To explore the emerging needs related to the mental health of isolated older adults in this period and to identify the main support networks they have and the emerging coping strategies in the face of the situation. METHODOLOGY: We carried out an exploratory qualitative study, summoning participants over 60 years of age. Using snowball sampling, a group of researchers contacted them by phone to collect data. The analysis of the findings was triangulated among researchers with different academic backgrounds (medicine, psychology, and sociology). The concepts emerging from the interviews were linked in conceptual networks using an inductive methodology and were mapped into conceptual frameworks available to researchers. Atlas.ti 8 software was used for coding. RESULTS: Thirty-nine participants belonging to the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area were interviewed between April and July 2020. For greater clarity, the main themes were described in five cross-sectional axes: network configurations, resources and coping strategies, affective states and emo-tions, perceptions and reflections on the future, and actions emerging from the participatory approach. Participants reported distress, anxiety, anger, uncertainty, exhaustion, and expressed fear of contagion from themselves and their loved ones. We identify greater vulnerability in people living alone, in small and closed environments, with weak linkages and networks, or limited access to technologies. We also found vari-ous coping strategies and technology was a fundamental factor in maintaining the bonds. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this research have implications for decision-making at the individual level, health systems, professional care, and policy devel-opment. Future research may elucidate the regional, temporal, and socioeconomic variations of the phenomena explored in our research.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El 19 marzo de 2020 se decretó el aislamiento social preventivo y obligatorio en Argentina como respuesta a la pandemia por el virus SARS-CoV-2 y la enfermedad que causa (COVID-19). Esta medida tiene por objetivo disminuir la transmisión del virus que puede generar un cuadro respiratorio severo, más frecuentemente en adultos mayores. Sin embargo, esta medida puede afectar sus redes de contención por encontrarse previamente aislados. OBJETIVOS: Explorar las necesidades emergentes relacionadas a la salud mental de adultos mayores aislados en este periodo, e identificar las principales redes de contención con que estos cuentan, como así también las estrategias de afrontamiento emergentes frente a la situación. METODOLOGÍA: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo exploratorio convocando a participantes mayores de 60 años de edad. Mediante un muestreo en bola de nieve, un grupo de investigadores los contactó por teléfono para la recolección de datos. Se trianguló el análisis de los hallazgos entre los investigado-res con distinta formación académica (medicina, psicología y sociología). Los conceptos emergentes de las entrevistas fueron vinculados en redes conceptuales utilizando una metodología inductiva, y mapeando en marcos conceptuales disponibles para los investigadores. Para la codi-ficación se usó el software Atlas.ti 8. RESULTADOS: Se entrevistaron a 39 participantes pertenecientes al área metropolitana de Buenos Aires durante los meses de abril y julio de 2020. Para una presentación más clara, los principales temas fueron descritos en cinco ejes transversales: configuraciones vinculares; recursos y estrategias de afrontamiento; estados afectivos y emociones; percepciones y reflexiones sobre el futuro; y acciones emergentes del enfoque participativo. Los participantes del estudio relataron angustia, ansiedad, enojo, incertidumbre, hartazgo y expresaron el temor al contagio de sí mismos y de sus seres queridos. Se identificaron personas en situación de mayor vulnerabilidad al vivir solas, en ambientes pequeños y cerrados, con redes vinculares frágiles o con limitado manejo de las tecnologías. También encontramos estrategias de afrontamiento variadas para atravesar la situación y la tecnología fue un actor fundamental en el mantenimiento de los vínculos. CONCLUSIONES: Los hallazgos de esta investigación tienen implicancias en la toma de decisiones a nivel individual, de los sistemas de salud, atención profesional y el desarrollo de políticas. Futuras investigaciones pueden dilucidar las variaciones regionales, temporales y socioeconómicas de los fenómenos explorados en nuestra investigación.

COVID-19 pandemic and infodemic: challenges and opportunities for reliable and updated synthesis of knowledge

ABSTRACT In parallel to the pandemic due to a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which causes the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), another epidemic emerges, called infodemic. This causes saturation and overexposure to information of variable quality and makes it difficult for healthcare personnel and other decision makers to access reliable information. In turn, there are various forms of information synthesis, among the best known of which are systematic reviews, which can assist decision-makers in formulating evidence-based care and policies. This article summarizes some of the limitations in current systematic reviews and the challenges posed by new evidence synthesis methods. Cochrane and other organizations have led methodological innovation to favor access and use of information synthesis in COVID-19. Rapid systematic reviews appear on the scene to answer high-priority questions in different countries, a repository of clinical trials on COVID-19 is created and an international protocol is launched to conduct a live network meta-analysis on effectiveness of therapeutic and preventive interventions in patients infected by SARS-CoV-2. At the regional level, the COVID-19 database of the Pan American Health Organization and the free access registry of primary studies and systematic reviews (plataforma Living OVerview of the Evidence platform, L-OVE) are highlighted.

Pandemia pro COVID-19 e infodema: retos y oportunidades para la síntesis confiable y actualizada del conocimiento

En paralelo a la pandemia por el nuevo coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) que causa la enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19), emerge otra epidemia denominada infodemia. Esto provoca una saturación y sobreexposición a información de calidad variable y dificulta el acceso a la información confiable por el personal de salud y otros tomadores de decisión. A su vez, existen diversas formas de síntesis de información;entre las más conocidas se encuentran las revisiones sistemáticas, que pueden asistir a los tomadores de decisiones en la formulación de políticas y cuidados basados en la evidencia. En este artículo, se resumen algunas de las limitaciones en las revisiones sistemáticas actuales y los retos que acarrean las nuevas metodologías para la síntesis de la evidencia. Cochrane y otras organizaciones han liderado la innovación metodológica para favorecer el acceso y uso de la síntesis de información en COVID-19. Aparecen en escena las revisiones sistemáticas rápidas para dar respuesta a preguntas de prioridad alta en los diferentes países, se crea un repositorio de ensayos clínicos sobre COVID-19 y se pone en marcha un protocolo a nivel internacional para conducir un metaanálisis en red vivo sobre la efectividad de las intervenciones terapéuticas y de prevención en pacientes infectados por SARS-CoV-2. A nivel regional, se destacan la base de datos COVID-19 de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud y el registro de estudios primarios y revisiones sistemáticas de libre acceso (plataforma Living OVerview of the Evidence, L·OVE).